最後更新：2026年10月1日
精液中完全無精子。可能因睪丸生成障礙或輸精管阻塞。為公犬不孕主要原因之一。需詳細檢查找出病因。
Queens are induced ovulators; pseudopregnancy is less common than in dogs. Pyometra can occur after exogenous progesterone administration. Mammary hyperplasia (fibroadenomatous change) is common in young intact or progestin-treated queens and is self-limiting after OHE.
不孕公犬約5-10%
建議：LRS 維持量 + 矯正脫水（pyometra/dystocia 常有脫水）
類型：LRS
監測頻率：每日（術後）
[1]Advances in the Diagnosis of Reproductive Disorders in Male Camelids.
[2]Different storage and freezing protocols for extracellular vesicles: a systematic review.
[3]Non-Invasive Diagnostics of Male Spermatogenesis from Seminal Plasma: Seminal Proteins.
[4]Role of Antisperm Antibodies in Infertility, Pregnancy, and Potential forContraceptive and Antifertility Vaccine Designs: Research Progress and Pioneering Vision.
[5]Cellular Therapy via Spermatogonial Stem Cells for Treating Impaired Spermatogenesis, Non-Obstructive Azoospermia.
建議數日內就診評估，非立即危及生命但不宜拖延 (evaluation within days recommended, not immediately life-threatening)
睪丸性無精症預後不良，無法恢復。阻塞性部分可能治療，但成功率低。
Diagnostic Approach for Azoospermia
Breeding history, cycle timing, vulvar discharge, mammary gland assessment
CBC, serum chemistry, progesterone level; vaginal cytology
Abdominal ultrasound for uterine and ovarian evaluation; radiography for fetal count/viability