商品名：Ketalar, Ketavet, and Vetalar
Anesthetic agent. Exact mechanism of action is not known, but most evidence supports its action as a centrally acting dissociative agent. Ketamine produces mild analgesia and modulates pain via its ability to act as a noncompetitive antagonist for n-methyl D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors. Ketamine is an equal concentration of two isomers (R-ketamine and S-ketamine). S-ketamine is more active and eliminated faster. Ketamine is rapidly metabolized in most animals (60-90 minute half-life in dogs); however, metabolite (norketamine) may produce more prolonged NMDA antagonistic effects.
Ketamine is used for short-term anesthetic procedures. Duration of action is generally 30 minutes or less. Ketamine has some analgesic properties via its effects on NMDA receptors and has been administered as an adjunct to other analgesic medications, usually with opiates, sometimes as a slow continuous rate infusion 412 Ketamine Hydrochloride (CRI). Ketamine is often combined in use with other anesthetics and sedatives such as benzodiazepines (diazepam) or alpha2 agonists (medetomidine, dexmedetomidine, and xylazine). Such combinations have been synergistic and allowed lower doses of each ind
劑量數字暫停提供：VetPro 的劑量改依 DRUGAPI 藥物資料庫對外的內容，DRUGAPI 目前不提供可直接計算的劑量。下方列出 DRUGAPI 的審查結論與劑量審查引用的來源；計算機可手動輸入劑量換算。
鹽酸氯胺酮是受管制且需專業麻醉監測的高風險藥物。只有在精確產品、物種、病患、用途、途徑、共同藥物、設備、氣道與心肺監測契約完整時，臨床團隊才能判讀原始證據；通用 runtime 維持關閉。
DRUGAPI 劑量審查引用的獸醫官方標示（各標示只適用於其產品、物種與法域，不可互換）
依出現頻率分組；嚴重副作用獨立列出，臨床上需立即辨識。
renal