Levamisole stimulates the parasympathetic and sympathetic ganglia in susceptible worms. At higher levels, levamisole interferes with nematode carbohydrate metabolism by blocking fumarate reduction and succinate oxidation. The net effect is a paralyzing effect on the worm that is then expelled alive. Levamisole’s effects are considered to be nicotine-like in action. Levamisole’s mechanism of action for its immunostimulating effects are not well understood. It is believed it restores cell-mediated immune function in peripheral T-lymphocytes and stimulates phagocytosis by monocytes. Its immune stimulating effects appear to be more pronounced in animals that are immune-compromised.
Levetiracetam may be useful as a third antiseizure medication in dogs that are not well controlled with phenobarbital and bromides or when either bromides or phenobarbital are not tolerated. Some evidence suggests that in dogs suffering from phenobarbital liver toxicity, the addition of levetiracetam will allow reduction of their phenobarbital dosage without increasing seizure frequency. Levetiracetam may also be useful as add-on therapy in cats.
劑量數字暫停提供：VetPro 的劑量改依 DRUGAPI 藥物資料庫對外的內容，DRUGAPI 目前不提供可直接計算的劑量。下方列出 DRUGAPI 的審查結論與劑量審查引用的來源；計算機可手動輸入劑量換算。
執行前必須確認活性形式、精確成品、濃度及效價基準。 必須確認物種、年齡、生產用途、寄生蟲診斷、抗藥性情境與司法管轄。 必須依精確成品標籤確認途徑、配製、禁忌、停藥期與監測，並排除複方資料轉移。
DRUGAPI 劑量審查引用的獸醫官方標示（各標示只適用於其產品、物種與法域，不可互換）
依出現頻率分組；嚴重副作用獨立列出，臨床上需立即辨識。