商品名：Ultram, and generic brands. Outside the US,
Analgesic. Tramadol is a racemic mixture (R & S) that has a complicated mechanism of action. It has some mu-opioid receptor action, but this effect is 10 times lower than codeine and 6000 times lower than morphine. Tramadol also inhibits the reuptake of norepinephrine (NE) and serotonin (5 HT) and produces secondary effects on alpha-2 adrenergic receptors in pain pathways. One isomer has greater effect on 5 HT reuptake and greater affinity for mu-opiate receptors. The other isomer is more potent for NE reuptake and less active for inhibiting 5 HT reuptake. Taken together, the effects of tramad
Tramadol has been used as an analgesic in people, dogs, cats, horses, and minor species (e.g., rabbits, goats). It is an alternative to pure opiate analgesics and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) in patients that require treatment for mild to moderate pain. In people it is regarded as a mild analgesic, but the pharmacokinetics of tramadol is different in people compared to animals. Clinical effects in humans cannot necessarily be extrapolated to animals. In animals studies— both clinical and experimental—the results have been inconsistent to demonstrate its effectiveness as an ana
劑量數字暫停提供：VetPro 的劑量改依 DRUGAPI 藥物資料庫對外的內容，DRUGAPI 目前不提供可直接計算的劑量。下方列出 DRUGAPI 的審查結論與劑量審查引用的來源；計算機可手動輸入劑量換算。
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DRUGAPI 劑量審查引用的獸醫官方標示（各標示只適用於其產品、物種與法域，不可互換）
依出現頻率分組；嚴重副作用獨立列出，臨床上需立即辨識。