The exact mechanism of how DEC exerts its anti-filaricidal (early larval stages of _D. immitis_ ) and anti-nematodal effects is not clearly understood. It is believed that DEC acts on the parasite’s nervous system in a nicotinic-like fashion, thereby paralyzing it. DEC also has immunomodulatory effects via an unknown mechanism.
DES has been used in estrogen responsive incontinence in spayed female dogs and in the medical treatment of benign prostatic hypertrophy in male dogs. It has also been used for the prevention of pregnancy after mismating in female dogs and cats. Its use alone for prevention of mismating is controversial as its efficacy is in doubt. DES is used in canine medicine for the treatment of certain estrogen-responsive neoplasias (see Pharmacology and Doses below). The use of DES for these conditions is controversial because of the risks associated with therapy.
劑量數字暫停提供：VetPro 的劑量改依 DRUGAPI 藥物資料庫對外的內容，DRUGAPI 目前不提供可直接計算的劑量。下方列出 DRUGAPI 的審查結論與劑量審查引用的來源；計算機可手動輸入劑量換算。
未確認精確 citrate 產品、單方或 oxibendazole 複方、法域、物種、寄生蟲／適應症、途徑、體重、現行標籤、心絲蟲抗原與微絲蟲狀態、中斷史、肝臟／繁殖風險、藥物與殺蟲劑暴露及獸醫師方案前，不得提供通用療程。
DRUGAPI 劑量審查引用的獸醫官方標示（各標示只適用於其產品、物種與法域，不可互換）
依出現頻率分組；嚴重副作用獨立列出，臨床上需立即辨識。
renal