Like other NSAIDs, carprofen exhibits analgesic, antiinflammatory, and antipyretic activity probably through its inhibition of cyclooxygenase, phospholipase A2 and inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis. Carprofen is more sparing of COX-1 _in vitro_ and in dogs appears to have fewer COX-1 effects (GI distress/ulceration, platelet inhibition, renal damage) when compared to older non-COX-2 specific agents. COX-2 specificity appears to be species, dose, and tissue dependent. Carprofen in horses or cats does not seem to be as COX-2 specific as it is in dogs.
Carvedilol may be useful as adjunctive therapy in the treatment of heart failure (dilated cardiomyopathy) in dogs. There is a fair amount of controversy at present among veterinary cardiologists as to whether this drug will find a therapeutic niche. In the U.K., _Rimadyl_ ® _Injection_ is labeled for use in dogs, cats, horses, ponies and cattle (less than 12 months old; slaughter withdrawal = 21 days; not to be used in cattle producing milk for human consumption). _Rimadyl_ ® _Granules_ are labeled for use in horses and ponies. See Doses for more information. The ARCI (Racing Commissioners International) has designated this drug as a class 4 substance. See the appendix for more information. Human-Labeled Products: None
劑量數字暫停提供：VetPro 的劑量改依 DRUGAPI 藥物資料庫對外的內容，DRUGAPI 目前不提供可直接計算的劑量。下方列出 DRUGAPI 的審查結論與劑量審查引用的來源；計算機可手動輸入劑量換算。
腎功能調整：Avoid in renal impairment
肝功能調整：Avoid in hepatic impairment; monitor ALT
腎功能調整：Avoid in renal impairment
肝功能調整：Avoid in hepatic impairment; monitor ALT
現行資料把美國犬口服／SC、英國犬貓 IV／SC、英國牛 IV／SC 與歷史馬資料混成通用範圍，並可把犬 4 mg/kg q12h 算成 8 mg/kg/day。未強制確認產品、法域、物種、用途、route、NSAID／steroid 歷史、水合灌流與器官／出血／繁殖風險前，封鎖計算、處方與飼主劑量。
DRUGAPI 劑量審查引用的獸醫官方標示（各標示只適用於其產品、物種與法域，不可互換）
依出現頻率分組；嚴重副作用獨立列出，臨床上需立即辨識。
fecal